Over The Last Few Years Essay

Over the last few years, social networking has become the newest trend. There are few main ideas that people take social net seriously. At first social networking at school and colleges help students and teachers play an important role in order to improve their abilities. Then it helps us to with reconnecting with people and finally it offers some useful services among friends and families as we create good environment by text messaging, games among others etc. The invention of the social networking has everyone running towards the technology. It has become so popular that really everyone is using whether it is the new generation who know everything about technology or the people who are barely starting to use the internet. People are attached to it because you can communicate with people from all over the world at any time of the day to anywhere you are, you can connect thru the internet. But the internet is not so great; there are many advantages and disadvantages of social networking. Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram help people share their feelings, thoughts and find out more about their friends’ interests, as well as their personal lives. At the same time putting your personal information such as your name, age, location, gender and many other types of information that you may not want to let others know can be insecure. Also these networking sites can get addiction that often users’ hours and troubles their performance in other grounds. Therefore social networking can be part of everyday life because it has brought revolutionary changes among people. Knowing how to use it wisely and effectively utilize will only enhance our social lives and change for the better.

A Comparative Essay Of The Poems ‘Salome’ (C.A.Duffy) and ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ (S.Plath) Essay

‘Salome’ by Carol Ann Duffy and ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ by Sylvia Plath have many similarities and differences. ‘Salome’ is ostensibly a poem about an individual, most likely a woman, who wakes up and finds ‘a head on the pillow’ beside them. The poem continues to detail their immediate actions and finally reveals that this head is in fact ‘on a platter’. ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ appears on the surface to describe the empowerment felt by an individual as they explore their control over a box of bees. An interesting similarity is both poets are female. C. A. Duffy was born in Glasgow in 1995 and is the eldest of five children. Plath was born in 1932 and was born in Boston. If you read the poems from a biographical perspective it is possible to identify certain factors which the poet has included due to their personal circumstances. Personally, I believe that both C. A. Duffy and S. Plath have points to make. For example, Duffy’s poem could be seen to have many links to the role of woman in society and the power they possess over their male counterparts. This mental attitude, which has filtered through into her poetry, could stem from the fact she is the first women and the first openly gay person to hold the position of Britain’s poet laureate. Similarly, ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ contains subversive ideas of power and possibly connotations to women taking an untraditional role in society. In ‘Salome’ the pace, tone, rhythm and structure are all fractured. This is very effective as it reflects the psychological standing of the voice in the poem. The effect is created through the techniques of enjambment and rhetorical questions and these can be observed in the fifth line â€Å"what did it matter? â€Å". The line is isolated and this draws the reader’s attention to it. Alongside this the rhetorical question then compels the reader to think â€Å"what did it matter? †. This emphasises the point to the reader that it does matter and is very important in the given context of the poem. By contrast, ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ is made from six uniform stanzas of five lines. There is little by way of caesura and it therefore differs greatly, in terms of structure at least, from ‘Salome’. Personally, I believe this is because the speaker is portrayed as being more collected and comfortable with the received power, relative to the voice in ‘Salome’. The second line is an excellent example; â€Å"Square as a chair and almost too heavy to lift. † The rhyme of ‘square’ and ‘chair’ gives a positive sound and in turn this can be seen to signify control and enjoyment of power. The above evidence suggests that C. A. Duffy and S. Plath both have different ideas on which way structurally is best to communicate their ideas. However, I believe the free structure of ‘Salome’ adds more than the rigid structure of ‘The Arrival of The Bee Box’ as it generates an extra dimension in which readers can have more freedom to interpret the desired meaning of the poem themselves. Integral to both poems is the theme of power and the relation it has with the owner, especially women. The similarity and hegemony is this attack on the stereotypical views that if allowed to stand could drive woman to the periphery of society. In ‘Salome’ the voice is somewhat of a ‘player’ and it is this scopophilic attitude which generates Duffy’s point. In a modern society it is often seen as ‘cool’ or ‘macho’ for a male to sleep with many women. By contrast, if females replicate these actions then they stand a high chance of being bombarded with derogatory terms. It would appear that S. Plath would chose to focus more on the interest of power. She refers to different times in history (Greek, Slave Trade, Roman). This sets quite a theatrical atmosphere because referring to these superpowers through the ages helps the reader to appreciate the importance of power in our society both in the past, present and future. It highlights the fact that in Duffy’s opinion (and I agree) that it is embedded in humans to seek out power and control others. Overall, both poets have similar themes in their poems but chose to express them in different ways. A similarity between both poems is that they make allusions to either religious names or different parts of the Bible. C. A. Duffy in ‘Salome’ chooses to use iconic Christian names such as John and Peter. Whereas S. Plath uses the concept of a heaven; â€Å"There is the laburnum, its blond colonnades, And the petticoats of the cherry. † The description of this utopian setting could be linked to the feelings felt by the voice in ‘Salome’ when she/it says ‘I saw my eyes glitter†¦and ain’t life a bitch’. The voice sounds as though it is satisfied, justice has been done and it has reached a metaphorical destination. This destination, in my opinion, is that the voice feels like they have somehow reached equality by committing this grotesque act. A large influence in terms of language in both poems is the personal pronoun ‘I’. This similarity is most likely due to the recurring them of power in each poem. The narrators are trying to express that they are the ones in charge. The language in both poems is very simplistic but the words can be used in quite complex ways. Both poets have chosen not to overcomplicate their language and I think they have made their poems very accessible to all people. Colours are used in both poems for different effects. In ‘Salome’ the ‘red sheets’ could signify the anger felt by the voice for the injustices that have driven them to undertake the atrocity. In ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ ‘the petticoats of the cherry’ and the ‘blond colonnades’ are used as the colours of the heaven. The use of colours is different in each poem but both work well. In conclusion, I feel that Carol Ann Duffy and Sylvia Plath are both very successful in presenting their ideas in the two poems. The poems are left open to interpretation and depending on the type of reading you undertake (colonial, biographical, etc) they can mean different things to different people. However, I personally feel that ‘Salome’ is more interesting and mesmerising to the reader. This is most likely due to the fact I found ‘The Arrival Of The Bee Box’ too abstract for me and I found it difficult to grasp. I think the poems have opened my eyes not only to the inequalities felt by certain groups of society but also to the disparities across the globe in general.

Bullying & media

Our society functions under the assumption that certain individuals are more powerful than the others, thus, we have the play of powers in every human social interaction. The social strata of our country is an example that some individuals are more powerful than the rest. However power can either be a boon or bane to society depending upon how a person exercises his power. Thus we have come to conclude that power is good when it is used for the benefit of many (deontology) and it becomes bad when it is used to suppress the rights of others or to render harm to those who can’t oppose it.In schools where students are viewed as individuals of the same status, there are some who exhibit bullying as a way to show authority. This may include intentional physical assault, verbal abuse and other means that causes harm to others. It has become a phenomenon in schools around the world and may cause stress, fatigue, trauma, injury and etc (Einarsen, et. al. 2002). The media has helped to highlight such misdemeanor and much information has been disseminated for the benefit of the parents, schools and social workers.Some schools have made programs to identify the bully and the victim for them to provide counseling sessions for the bully and personality development for the victim. These anti-bullying policies were designed to teach bullies of conflict resolution, negotiation skills, and impulse control the victims were given support and protection. Though this program generally aims to stop bullying, an article written by Robin Grille tells us that these program simply punish the bullies and fails to address the root cause of the problem.Since the program segregates the bully and the bullied, we discriminate on the bully as though he was the root cause of the problem. We blame him for the trouble when in fact there is a gargantuan of factors that should be considered before pointing the finger at the bully. Perhaps an understated fact in our plight to address bullying is that there are certain factors that affect the behavior of all human beings. In the case of bullies, studies show that those who come from authoritarian parenting which often entails spanking and closed doors for explanation and negotiation either becomes the bully or the bullied (Baldry, 1998).This is because children’s differ in the way they react to environments wherein they are subjected to pain or rendered powerless. Studies show that only 43% of hospitalized children due to parental abuse consider themselves as abused children (Berger. Et al. 1998). The rest thinks that they deserve the punishment; in turn they simply try not to commit the same mistake again. To elucidate on that matter, children who thinks that the physical harm that they received was a worthy punishment for their wrongs has tendencies to be bullied or to become the bully.If a parent spanks a child for every wrong that he has done, he would think that for him to correct the wrong doings of others i t is acceptable for him to physically hurt other too for them to learn their lesson. As a consequence, those who become the victims or the bullied may think that they deserve being bullied because they aren’t strong enough or they did not do something right. Thus, they begin to justify bullying simply because their parents bully them in their households. It is then evident that the bully and the victim aren’t the only ones to be blamed for such behavior.The environment in the household which is dominated by the parents has much to play in the bullying phenomenon. Researches shows that those who admit that they were physically abused by their parents and openly protest against the act has lesser chances of tolerating cruelties. Since these children already have the concept of the wrongness of the act, they won’t tolerate being bullied or to bully other children (Berger. Et al. 1998). Psychology dictates that children imitate adults especially their parents. The m ost basic example of imitation is how parents teach their children how to speak.First words such as mommy and daddy are to be repeated by adults over and over for the child to copy. Same goes with other skills such as walking, eating and etcetera. Thus, children learn from society by imitating. If a child is exposed in an environment that tolerates violence then the child will in turn learn how to be violent and considers it as a norm (Strassman, 2007). A bully or the victim is an indication that the family in which they came from tolerates bullying or similar forms of abuse, punishment, and cruelties.Furthermore, in a book written by Gayle Macklem it is said that household environment strongly affects a child’s behavior since this is where he first imitates his social skills. Simple teasing which can be a form of bullying often occurs at home as older sisters and brother or even the parents themselves. Teasing mostly happens at school and study shows that 39% of students in the 2nd grade admit that they respond in a hostile manner when they are teased (Macklem, 2003).Simple form of teasing between brothers can be resolved by parents easily but those who use authoritarian parenting often use power to stop teasing without even discussing the root cause of the problem. This is effective in preventing physical harm, however this does not stop the cause of the problem and similar teasing would eventually occur. The best way that parents should do is to discuss the cause and let their children speak their minds without the use of verbal abuse. This can lead to a resolution and will then teach children how to settle conflicts in peaceful means.However, since parents today have lesser time for their children given that both have to work to support the family, most parents don’t have the time to discuss with their children the importance of settling their fight. Perhaps the worst thing that parents do is to further instigate a fight by heating up the tea sing between siblings. Families belonging to the lower class or those who live in areas that where violence is high often view teasing as entertainment and a harmless act between sibling. This can be true however; teasing can often render emotional stress to children.They either seek for vengeance or become meek and withdraw from the world. With teasing as the most basic example of how a bully is shaped in the household, it is evident that parental intervention is needed. Thus we come into a conclusion that bullies are simply children who where also bullied at home. This further supports the argument of Robin Grille that bullies should not be the ones to be blamed for their behavior hence, it’s the parents ho are to be blamed. For a school program against bullying to work, it is important that we address the main cause of the issue and not just the after effects.Sure we can teach the bully how to handle stress and other skills to resolve conflicts in means that do not include physical injury and verbal abuse, but this is not the best way to resolve the problem. Since the cause of bullying is rooted at home, we should look into the families and perhaps try to address the problem from the source. It is best for schools to include parents in the counseling sessions to address bullying at home rather than waste their efforts in transforming the bully into a harmless individual which will eventually become futile since we send the child back to the environment that shapes bullies.If we really want to address bullying then we must go to the root cause, and in that case, it is the family upon which the emotions of the child is first molded. Perhaps in this way we can directly pinpoint the source of the emotional distress in the child and the family. However one setback of this is that the school may find it difficult to contact parents and make them come to school for a scheduled interview. This is a tedious process and may require ample amount of time to prop erly get to the root cause.However if this country is really determined to stop bullying then these measures should be undertaken to make sure that school environments are safe for their children. This would in turn foster proper learning and better social skills for their children. Since society now place much value on emotional intelligence, we must make sure that our children is emotionally stable and that should start at home with their parents as the role models. Reference Baldry, AC & Farrington DP (1998) Parenting Influences on Bullying and Victimisation Journal of Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 3(2) pp.237-254 Berger, A. et al (1988) The Self-Report of Punitive Childhood Experiences of Young Adults and Adolescents Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 12 pp. 251-262 Einarsen, S. et. al. (2002) Bullying an Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. London Strassman, J. (2007). How to Defuse Aggressive Behavior in Kids. Date accessed November 28, 2007. http://www. parenthood. com/articl es. html? article_id=3833 Macklem, G. L. (2003) Bullying and Teasing: Social Power in child

Skills and values for a social worker to become a competent and Essay

Skills and values for a social worker to become a competent and reflective practitioner - Essay Example Social work is carried out by professionals with a strong penchant to assist people the improving their daily lives by solving issues like personal and family problems. They, also assist individuals to deal with relationships, disability, life-threatening disease, inadequate housing, substance abuse, domestic conflicts or unemployment. The responsibility of the social worker thus includes research, involvement in planning or the development of policies to advocate better services to the client. This requires a social worker to possess adequate knowledge, skill,s and values to deal with specific situations. Generally, social workers with state mandated license are called licensed clinical social workers. Social workers are required to have the relevant theory-based knowledge to improve their competence while working with clients. In various instances, the lack of professional knowledge has lead to incompetence and even to the loss of lives. Social work practitioners should be aware of the six factors that show the theory is important for practice. The six factors are models, perspectives or approaches, prescriptions, explanation, accountability and justification

The importance of HR measurement and metrics to HR's role as a Thesis

The importance of HR measurement and metrics to HR's role as a strategic business partner - Thesis Example This thesis describes measurement of the effects of human capital that has become a continual challenge for human resource professionals in various industries. Practices for human resource management are of paramount importance in enhancing the overall performance of firms. Based on previous findings, investments on human capital can bring about favorable returns, such as the increased employee skills, increased productivity and profitability, or enhanced stock market performance. Consequently, organizations have come to recognize that improvements in their human resources can strongly increase organizational efficiency despite increasing competition, business operations and need for cost effective environments. In addition, there has been considerable pressure on the HR function to evaluate and measure its role and contribution in increasing competitive advantage for organizations. In particular, organizational changes, increased accountability, increased productivity, implementatio n of HR strategies, increasing application of human resource information systems, and growing reliance on the interaction between managers and HR. Consequently, previous studies have looked into the different approaches that can be used for measuring HR contributions, hence the term ‘HR metrics’. This study will then focus on the gas and electric utilities industry of the United States, particularly their use of HR metrics and its impact on their performance. Gas and Electric Utilities Industry in the U.S. The electric utility industry in the country is considerable in size. According to the International Energy Agency, it may be likely that demand for electricity will double in the next 25 years. Consequently, large investments in equipment and services that transmit electricity to residential homes and workplaces can be expected as well. As a response to the financial crisis in 2008, the US government had allocated $11 billion to develop the smart grid infrastructure that will enable electricity transmission from long distances as well as increase the energy use efficiency. What has been referred to as electric utilities at present have been associated with companies that generate, transmit, distribute, and conduct billing. Historically, due to the natural monopoly, such electric utilities may either be strictly regulated or public owned. In the past decade, generation of electricity has been separated from its transmission and distribution for companies to create wholesale power markets with which electric utilities obtain energy from their competing generators. In addition, natural gas utilities in the United States have been serving over 70 million customers in the country that is provided by means of underground delivery systems that run for over 2 million miles (AGA, 2011). Residential customers, electric power plants, and establishments that mainly utilize gas for commercial purposes, such as restaurants, account for majority of the consum ers. In terms of employment and working conditions, numerous utility workers typically experience night and weekend shifts with which a number of these employees may work overtime to assist peaks in demand as well as repair the damages caused by accidents, natural disasters, and other occurrences. The working environment of the electric and gas utilities industry has also been associated with hazardous operations and materials, hence the continual need for their employees to undergo adequate and formal training (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). Despite the efforts of the utilities industry to increase profitability and enhance worker productivity, however, a number of challenges are still being faced by the electric and gas utilities firms, such as the need for sustainability, security of supply, a more complex combination of energy technologies and resources, as well as access to lucrative opportunities (MCE, 2011). It

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 120

Summary - Essay Example a guideline to those who may have developed interest in understanding student’s behaviors, conduct and development patterns while still under the experience of the campus life. The paper mainly focuses on family theories and characteristics based on their evolutionary-life in relation to student’s affairs, practices and mental development (Nilson, 2010). In essence, a doctor attempted to treat a psychiatric patient who failed to respond to services offered until her medical history was traced, and it has been clarified that there is a need to have a glimpse of patient history and absorb her experiences. Another psychological scholar Nilson (2010) illustrates that it is critical to understand the history of anybody suffering from mental disposition before treatment is administered. Moreover, majority of expatriates who are concerned with student affairs often believe in direct observation of patients other than listening to stories. Some theories include Cognitive development theory concerned with psychological issues, it allows for the synthesis of information thus enabling an individual to make a variation from very simple encounters to bigger events. Cognitive theory is mainly used in students to govern moral development. In addition, there is social identity theory that plays a critical role in giving contrast to different memberships that are claimed by an individual within a specific framework of representation. The most common social identities theories include ethnic identity or racial identity. Consequently, there is psychosocial development theory that focuses mainly on ho w a person relates to the social environment. Psychosocial development theory clarifies about the developmental period of a person based on his identity, value, career and family among other elements within the environment. The above article gives an evaluation and comparison of several theories associated with the development of a child. Despite such theories having been developed

Solow-Swan growth model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solow-Swan growth model - Essay Example The model begins with neoclassical production function presented by equation Y/L = F (K/L. making y the subject of the equation y = f(k), and this is represented by the red curve. Therefore, output per worker translates to capital per worker. From the graph, n = population growth rate, y = output/income per, k = capital per worker, worker, s = saving rate, L = labor force, and ÃŽ ´ = depreciation.The steady state is at point A where the two graphs interact. At this point, the first equilibrium, the output per worker is ever constant. When the investment cannot combat population output per worker the curve falls from y2 to y0. When saving per worker is greater than depreciation plus the population growth, the cumulative capital increases leading to shifting of the steady state from equilibrium A to B.The concept of Keynesian economics is based on the divine entity that can lead to over economic difficulties. The Keynesian economics model emphases on the fact that intervention put by t he government to necessary economic stability and growth during economic hard times. In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54).... In this economic model, the government has a vital role to smoothen the business cycle bumps. The model stresses on the significant measures the government should take on spending, hiking, tax breaking among other measures for the economy to function best during the economic crisis. The main importance of Keynesian economics economy is that it helps governments to survive severe economic depression (Frank and Bernanke 54). According to Keynesian economics theory, the macroeconomic economy is significant than a market aggregate. Moreover, resource markets and individual commodities can easily lead to automatic equilibrium that can last for a long time. However, it does not guarantee fell employment. Nonetheless, the Keynesian economics benefit government policies since it gives a helping hand to the economy. IS/LM chart illustrates an upward shift in the IS a curve that indicates an increase private investment or government spending thereby leading to interest rates (i) due to higher output (Y) Great Recession The Great Recession is the estimated as the longest regression of between 2007 and 2012. Therefore, it is sometimes called the 2007 global regression or the lesser depression. It is related to the dominant global decline that started in December 2007 and registered a sharp down downward turn in 2008. The Great Recession affected the economy of the entire globe and some of the countries were hardly hit. The main characteristic of this recession was the systematic imbalance that led to global financial crisis between 2007 and 2012. Furthermore, it led to the European sovereign debt crisis. Regardless, of the European debt crisis, china and United States showed a continued economic growth; thus, these two nations becoming global economic

Java Card Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Java Card - Essay Example This paper dwells greatly on the smart card technology focusing on Java Card as the case study. Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines a smart card as â€Å"a small plastic card that has a built-in microprocessor to store and process data and records1.† In 1968, two great German scientists first mooted the idea of incorporating an integrated circuit into a plastic card. Many other people worked on this technology with no notable progress until 1974-1979 when Roland Moreno filed patents on smart cards in 11 different countries. Late 1970 saw the first commercialization of the smart card and the introduction of the microprocessor smart card through the work of CII-Honeywell Bull. Initial trials on the smart card took place in France and Germany in the early 1980 where they were used as prepaid phone cards and secure debit/credit bank cards2. Currently, the power of smart cards has greatly advanced consequent of the existence of improved modern chip and cryptography technologies. They have diverse commercial applications such as banking, identification, ticketing as well as telecommunication applications where they are used as SIM cards on cell phones. Traditionally, the development of smart card applications is subject to a lengthy, rigorous and difficult process. Development tools are built by smart card manufacturers using generic assembly language tools and dedicated hardware emulators obtained from silicon chip vendors. These facilities are not readily available to third party application developers making the development of these applications exclusive to a few highly skilled developers who have specialized in a particular smart card hardware and software. Until recently there existed no standard high-level application interface thus compelling developers to deal with the always technical low-level programming of modules such as communication

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans Research Paper

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans - Research Paper Example However, there are ongoing studies that are examining the issue more closely (How Cell-phone Radiation Works) Cellphones have revolutionized not only the communication process, but also the human life in different manners. A world without cellphones is unimaginable now because of the various types of utilities associated with it. Earlier cellphones were used for communication purposes alone; however current cellphones are capable of providing facilities like video/audio recording, camera, internet/email, multimedia, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) etc. In short cellphones are getting smarter and smarter and its influence on human life goes on increasing as time goes on. Amidst all the above mentioned utilities of cellphone, the concerns about the health problems generated by cellphones are also growing. Cellphones and cellphone towers can generate harmful radiations which can affect human health negatively. While sending and receiving calls cellphones produce different types of micr owave radiations which can cause health problems in future. Cancer, Brain tumor, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s, Autism, Fatigue, Headaches, Sleeping problems, memory malfunctions etc are some of the health problems associated with mobile phone radiations. This paper analyses the cellphone radiation effects on humans. Scientists exposed 10 female volunteers to radiation at 900 megahertz from GSM phones to simulate an hour-long phone call. They screened 580 different proteins in their skin cells and found that the numbers of two proteins were altered in all of the volunteers: one protein increased by 89 percent, the other decreased by 32 percent. This study shows that even without heating, molecular level changes take place in response to exposure to cell phone frequency electromagnetic radiation (How cellphone radiations can Affect Your Cells?) Radiations are energy forms which has both particle and wave nature. It occurs naturally from isotopes of some elements an d also it can reach the earth from sun or outer universe. Radiations can be generated from some manmade activities also. Nuclear power generators, mobile phones etc are some of the manmade radiation sources. Radiations are of different types; however electromagnetic radiations seem to be the most prominent one. Electromagnetic radiations are of two types; ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations like gamma rays and X- rays have the ability to alter chemical reactions inside the body. Non-ionizing radiation such as visible light may not cause many problems to human health even though it can produce some heating effects. Cellphones are producing ionizing radiations in plenty and therefore the chances of a mobile users getting affected by these radiations are immense. â€Å"At high levels, radio-frequency energy can rapidly heat biological tissue and cause damage such as burns, according to a recent report from the U.S. General Accounting Office† (How Cell-phone Radiation Works). Cellphones cannot transmit or receive the ordinary low frequency sound waves. Sound waves need to be superimposed with high frequency electromagnetic carrier waves in order to send it to long distances. A process of modulation and demodulation is taking place inside the cellphones in order to send and receive audible sound waves. Modulation is the process of superimposition of sound waves with electromagnetic carrier waves whereas demodulation is the process of isolation of sound waves and carrier waves from the modulated radio frequency waves. â€Å"Modulated information-carrying radio waves resonate in biological frequencies of a few to a few hundred cycles per second, and can stimulate your cellular receptors causing a whole

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay Example for Free

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay There is a proper way to deal with journalists that commit misconducts in their research publications in social sciences journals. Policies and procedures have been put into place to assist in the proper handling of researchers when they behave unethically. Editors must protect the integrity of the journals and the research, when allegations of research misconduct arise. This can pose a difficult task. Journals have had to rethink how to deal with such allegations and misconduct. â€Å"Editors must also think about the potential legal liability if the innocent scientists reputation has become damaged† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). Scientists need to remain credible and reputable, so accusations of unethical misconduct involved in their research can cause an uproar. The Committee on Publication Ethics, also know as COPE, issues an agreement that stated journals must develop misconduct policies, in 1999, and in 2006, issued standard procedures for handling with the misconduct in scientific journals. It is not yet a requirement, but a guidance of how situations should be handled when misconduct is brought to the attention of the editors of the publications. Research was done regarding the number of scientific journals had, in place, a policy detailing the use and reporting of unethical research practices. According to the article, â€Å"A misconduct policy is defined as statements about the definition of misconduct or procedures for responding to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). For example, the policy described â€Å"how to report allegations of misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010), and â€Å"how to correct the scientific literature in response to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). The definitions of misconduct would not be limited to the U.S. Federal governments definition of misconduct: fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Other types of misconduct must be recognized as well, such as animal abuse or misuse of human subjects. The research shows that â€Å"less than half of the journals in the combined data set had formal misconduct policies† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddad a, 2010), although it is recommended by COPE. It is thought that since editors have been made conscious of the misconduct in the scientific research, that more misconduct policies would be in place by now. It is thought that maybe many journals have not developed these policies yet,  because journal editors do not view misconduct as a common problem when they should. Many editors view the misconduct as a something that happens on a rare occasion and are not motivated to develop the policies that are needed to properly handle it. If this issue was properly handled, accusations could not be made, as long as proper protocols were in place and followed appropriately. These kinds of policies have more benefits and a sort of security, but when writing for journals that do not have them in place can be dangerous to the reputations of the researchers and the publishers. Less than half of the reported journals have policies in place, and it would be beneficial to the rest of them to follow suit. The people effected by the misconduct of unethical journals are the participants in the research, as well as the publication the journal is referenced in. If it became a requirement of the social science journals to have policies in place, less accusations would be made about the behavior of the editors and journalists. It is important to remain completely ethical and avoid tarnishing the reputation of the scientists and journalists involved in the publications. This will help aim the publications to remain full of integrity and regarded as highly ethical. More support will come from journals that are deemed ethical, than those that are not, especially in the social science department. It is hopeful that in the near future more editors around the globe will obtain policies that require ethical research to be conducted in order for the research to become published. This would effect not only the reputations of the editors and journals, it would improve the reliability of the information that is provided in the research. It is the opinion of many in the field of social science research, that policies and procedures for handling unethical research practices are put in place, so that their years of hard work and dedication does not become undeniable. One accusation to a scientist could lead to many accusations of past and all future research. So if the guidelines were presently in place, this could be avoided. Until that happens, though, there will remain a certain percent of scientific research that is deemed unethical, and most likely will not be published. References Resnik, D. B., Patrone, D., Peddada, S. (2010). Research Misconduct Policies of Social Science Journals and Impact Factor. Accountability In Research: Policies Quality Assurance, 17(2), 79-84. doi:10.1080/08989621003641181

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia areolata CONTENTS PAGES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Problem statements 1.3 Objectives of study 1.4 Hypothesis 1.5 Scope of study 1.6 Significant of study 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area 3.2 Research instrument 3.3 Sampling and sampling material 3.4 Research procedure EXPECTED RESULTS 5.0 GANTT CHART 6.0 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Mollusks can be found almost everywhere on land and its habitat was including coral reef, estuaries, freshwater lakes and also rivers. Its habitat ranging from deserts to rainforests (Lydeard Lindberg, 2003). Mollusks also had been identified as an important fisheries and mariculture food such as clams, scallops, abalone and conch instead of commercial pearl production (Landman et al., 2001). Babylonia areolata, ivory shell was categorized as a gastropod in family Buccinidae (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata can easily be recognized by its colour-pattern because it was the only member of the genus with three broadly separated rows of dark spots (Altena et al., 1981). This three widely separated rows of spots are visible on the body-whorl, enabling easy identification of this species (Altena et al.,1981). It can be found 10-20m deep in sandy bottom (Habe, 1997). B. areolata has a buccinoid shell with the aperture approximately half of the total height. There are no notch can be seen from the upper part as the outer lip of the aperture not clearly thickened inside. On the last whorl in the inner lip, a notch consisting of a strong callus can be seen for the umbilicus. The umbilicus is wide open and the initial whorls whitish follows by the reddish-brown spots on a white background for the following whorls (Altena et al., 1981). The spotted babylon, B. areolata which also known as the Hoy Wan in Thailand supports a commercial fishery (Chaitanawisuti Kritsanapuntu, 1999). This species can be found in the Gulf of Thailand by three different shell colors which are brown, cream and white. The different shell colors indicate different values. The brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price (Hualkasin et al., 2008). High demand for the brown shell B. areolata was from China, Taiwan, Hong kong and Japan. In Thailand, the distribution of B.areolata was different at the upper and lower Gulf of Thailand. Phetchaburi and Rayong which located at the upper gulf of Thailand only have brown shells B. areolata while in Songkhla and Pattani, all three colors are found there (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata is a well-known and nutritious food which have been a popular mollusk model used for the study of heavy-metal toxicity and biologic poisoning toxins transmission (Chen Chou, 1998). As the B. areolata has a potential market in Thailand as well as in Malaysia it will be used in this experiment to study its heavy metal contents and concentration. The place chosen for the sample drawing of B. areolata is in Bachok, Kelantan. Table 1: Taxonomy of B. areolata . PROBLEM STATEMENT Since B. areolata are widely used for the food purpose, there should some study on the composition or content of the B. areolata itself in order to ensure it was safe for the human consumption. The B. areolata lives in place like beach and may consume or eat on heavy metal that comes from nearby industry which may become harmful when human consume it. This experiment then can prove or can ensure the safety of B. aerolata for the consumption if the result of the experiments shows it flesh was having small quantity of the heavy metal which was deemed harmless to human. Heavy metal poisoning in human was resulted from the toxic accumulation of heavy metals in soft tissues. There was some level of heavy metal that permitted in the human body which would not give any health problems to the human health. In this study, the level of the expected heavy metal in the flesh of B. areolata will be discover to investigate whether their level was below the acceptable amount. The concentration of the heavy metal and exposure time make the metal’s toxic effects establish in an organ as many toxicants tend to be bio accumulate. When they occur at certain levels, even essential elements that are critical for life, may lead to loss of organ function or death (Goyer, 1996). This determination also important as B. areolata has the potential to become one of the ingredients for the feed preparation. If B. areolata was safe for human consumption, it also can become the ingredients for the feed production. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To determine the concentration of heavy metal (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury and Zinc) in the Babylonia areolata. HYPOTHESIS H0 = B. areolata contains heavy metal concentration. Ha = B. areolata do not contains heavy metal concentration. SCOPE OF STUDY The scopes of this research are as follow: Only B. areolata which was draw from Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. Only one parameter of were being used in this study, that heavy metal concentration. To determine the component and concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY The study was important to get more knowledge about the contamination of the seafood which is B. areolata by the heavy metals. The importance of the study is to identify the concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata compared to the amount that permissible for the human consumption. As the contents of the heavy metal in the B. areolata was safe for human consumption, so the species can be the potential ingredients for the feed preparation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Distribution and background of Babylonia areolata B. areolata can be easily identify as it has three widely separated rows of spots which visible on its body whorl. The size of the shells can be up to 93 mm high and 52 mm broad. This species inhabits in sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow water. The distribution of this species is from Ceylon and the Nicobar Islands through the Gulf of Thailand, along the Vietnamese and Chinese coasts to Taiwan (Altena Gittenberger, 1981). B. areolata is well-known for domestic and international consumption which make it one of the economically important aquatic species. The price of this species was quite high which around 300- 350 Baht/kg in Thailand (Sutthinon et al., 2007). B. areolata will be a target species of commercial fisheries in Thailand. Nowadays, the aquaculture activity have been increase and improve to ensure the increment and sustainability of the stock as the number and the size of mollusk catch from the Thai coast is small (Hualkasin et al., 2008). In Thailand, the expanding domestic market of seafood and increasing demand of B. areolata results to the many interest to the commercial culture of this species. This also results due to the catastrophic decline in its populations in the gulf of Thailand. At present, the culture of B. areolata in large-scale production using the flow-through seawater system in concrete or canvas ponds shows a success for the species to survive from juveniles to marketable size (Chaitanawisuti et al., 2011). B. areolata with brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price. High demand from countries such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan is for the brown shells (Hualkasin et al., 2008) This species has been cultured and consumed widespread throughout Asia which can be introduce as a new commercial gastropod. In recent years, market demand for this species has increased which results to the decrease in the wild population and shortage of seed stock to support its aquaculture industry. In order to support the increasing demand, the B. areolata should be produced in high quantity and quality by artificial method (Abol-munafi et al., 2010). 2.2 Category and hazards of heavy metal Heavy metal analysis on the source food was very important studies as it will ensure the safety of the food for the human consumption. Seafood was one of the food sources that have a high risk on the contamination with the heavy metal. Seafood may live in the sea where the components of heavy metals may be dissolved in it from the many sources such as the industrial activity nearby it. Heavy metal was divide into two categorized which is biological essential and non-biological essential metals (Kie, 2013) Biological essential metal can be refers to the metal that are needed to fulfill wide and variety range of human body functions. On the other hand, non-biological essential metals are considered to be toxic, nevertheless, modern medicine utilized them in a diverse range of applications including diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications (Dyson, 2011). Some examples of non-biological essential metal are lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and tin. All heavy metals can be toxic when they exceed the threshold concentrations (Kie, 2013). 2.3 Heavy metal analysis in fish Heavy metals can harm human health by contaminating or accumulating in aquatic life and enter the food chain if the contamination and exposure is significant (Fernandes et al. 2007). In addition, this heavy metal are categorizes by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) based on their potential for human exposure and health risk (Birungi et al. 2007). Fish is consumed by large population especially those who live nearby the river as a source of protein and the accumulating of heavy metal in fish will be an important issues (Roshasliney et al., 2010) Fish which has low saturated fat and sufficient omega fatty acid are also important in supporting good health to human. Growing rates, metabolism, feeding pattern and ecological need will influence the level of heavy metal contamination in fish (Yilmaz et al. 2005; Yilmaz et al. 2010). Besides, the exposure of fish to heavy metals also depends on the differences in life history patterns among species (including trophic levels and geographical distribution of life stages (Allen-Gil Martynov 1995). 2.4 Heavy metal analysis in bivalve and gastropod Mollusks are able to accumulate heavy metals which will give a hazard to the consumers (Qiang et al., 2001). According to Qiang et al. (2001), the heavy metal concentrations in the local seafood being monitored for many years to ensure the safety of the seafood. The study conducted by Qiang et al. (2001) was to access the current status of heavy metal pollution in shellfish available in major markets in Pearl River Delta and to compare with the tolerable limits. The costal environments of Pearl River become polluted with the liquid waste since the industrial development and the rapid population growth occur there (Qiang et al., 2001). MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 STUDY AREA Study area for this experiment is in Bachok, Kelantan. 3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Instrument that will be used for the analyzing of the heavy metal contents was Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). 3.3 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING MATERIAL Sample that will be collect is B. areolata 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURE Sample of B. areolata is collected from the sampling area which is in Bachok, Kelantan. 25 g of wet tissue of B. areolata (5 g dry weight) will be weighed out into crucible, and samples will be dried at 135 Â °C for 2 hour to obtain a dry weight. The dry sample then transfer to a cool muffle furnace and the temperature will slowly rise to 450Â °C-500Â °C. The ash will be left overnight. The samples then removed from the muffle furnace and let to cool to room temperature. Next, 2 ml of nitric acid (HNO3) will be added cautiously and swirled. The sample will be evaporated carefully just to dryness on warm hot plate or steam bath. It then transfers to cooled furnace, and the temperature slowly rises to 450 Â °C- 500 Â °C and hold at this temperature for 1 hour. The crucible will be removed and cool. To obtain clean, practically carbon-free ash the nitric acid (HNO3) treatment will be repeated if necessary. 10 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) will be added and ash will dissolve by heating cautiously on a hot plate. The ash then transfers to a volumetric flask and hydrochloric acid (HCl) add as necessary. The ash then cool and dilute to a volume. As the sample ready, the sample will be test with Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) for the heavy metal analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer general procedures consist of: 1. The hollow cathode lamp or electrode discharge lamp and D2-lamp were lighted if such background correction is used. The lamp current was set to the value specified by the manufacturer. 2. The monochromator was positioned at wavelength 213.9 nm. 3. The intensity of the hollow cathode lamp and the D2-lamp was carefully balanced if such background correction is used. 4. The burner head was aligned to assure that the center of the light beam passes over the burner slot. 5. The flame was lighted and the flow of fuel and oxidant was regulated to produce an oxidizing flame (lean blue). 6. Calibration blank was aspirate and a zero point was established. 7. Standard solutions were aspirated and a calibration curve was constructed. 8. Distilled water was aspirated after each standard or sample. EXPECTED RESULTS The B. areolata was live in deep sandy bottom which may be in sea or beach. For this experiment, the sample was draw near the industrial place. The expected heavy metals that will be analyzed from this experiment are Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) (Qiang et al., 2001). These heavy metals was hazardous if accumulated in human tissue with exceeding value that recommended by the expertise. Arsenic can be found naturally on earth in small concentration. It occurs in soils and minerals and it may enter air, water and land through wind-blown dust and water run-off. This could be the reason for the contamination in B. areolata. The cadmium can be contaminated in the B. areolata by the exposure with the anticorrosion agent used by the ship for the coat of the ship itself. As the cadmium was mostly used as the anticorrosion agent, this would be the reasons of the cadmium absorption that release from the ship coat by B. areolata. Next, for the copper, it could be released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities. Examples of natural sources are wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires and sea spray. Apart from that, it is applied in the industries and in agriculture which eventually will contaminate the sea water. For lead, although native lead is rare in nature but the contamination could be occur due to the lead cycle results from human production such as from the car exhaust. For mercury it can found naturally in the environment such as in metal form and mercury salts. This could be the source of the contamination. Lastly for the zinc, zinc occurs naturally in air, water and soil, but zinc concentrations are rising unnaturally, due to addition of zinc through human activities. Some soils are heavily contaminated with zinc, and these are to be found in areas where zinc has to be mined or refined, or were sewage sludge from industrial areas has been used as fertilizer. This also could be the source of the heavy metal that contaminated in the B. areolata. GANTT CHART

South Africas Position in the African Union Committee

South Africas Position in the African Union Committee Delegation from Represented by South Africa Concordia University Position Paper for the African Union Committee The topics before the African Union Committee are: Food Security, Development and NGO Accountability, and China and India’s role in facilitating economic development in Africa. South Africa is strongly committed to collaborating with the various members of the international community. We believe that it is necessary to undertake joint actions based on international law to ensure that lasting multilateral solutions can be applied. This will address and improve the living conditions of millions of people around the world. I. Food Security Challenges South Africa advocates its support towards the eradication of extreme hunger and poverty across the world as part of target No. 1 of the UN Millennium Task Project. The commitment of the South African government towards food Security is entrenched in section 27 of South Africa’s Constitutional rights. Since 1994, South Africa has made constant efforts to make food security a priority policy, as part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). This program aimed for the redistribution of public funds in order to improve the living conditions of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged people. In 2000, the South African Government decided to develop a national food security policy that would harmonize and integrate all the existing programs into a single and efficient body known as the Integrated Food Security Strategy (IFSS). The goal of this program is to guarantee universal physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food by all South Afric ans at all times. The previous statement is also a definition of food security by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The main objective of the IFSS is to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity by 2015. This program targets public and private society by focusing on household food security without overlooking national food security. The first step is to create food security interventions in order to guarantee that food insecure population gain access to the necessary productive resources. In the second part of the program, people who are unable to produce food are helped to find jobs or activities that will produce adequate income so that they can purchase sufficient food. The third part of the program guarantees food insecure population access to nutritious and safe food. The fourth part of the project targets people that are unable to work or produce food due to disabilities or extreme poverty. The project will procure relief measures to ensure short-term to medium-term food supplies that will vary depending on each case. The last part of the project aims to monitor food security in the country with the aim of improving and developing efficient approaches that would culminate in the complete eradication of hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity. In addition, the South African government has also pressed to eradicate hunger and poverty at the international scale. In 2002, South Africa successfully managed to obtain the necessary support to enact the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. In this document, member states agreed that sustainable development and multilateralism were the most secure ways to guarantee food security at the world stage. We would also like to remind members of the African Union about the importance of collaborating with the current Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). This ambitious and innovative agricultural program is part of the New Partnerships for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) which is in turn a program created by the African Union. The CAADP vision is to create an African led and owned collective agriculture, based on developing strategies that would successfully meet the needs of the different African societies. The CAADP has four major pillars: sustainable land and water management, market access, food supply and hunger and agricultural research. In 2004, the CAADP initiated a first mission in South Africa by providing knowledge and skill training to farmers. South Africa warmly welcomes the CAADP and wishes to propose its own program, the IFSS, as alternative model for fellow states that are currently experiencing a food predicament. South Africa urges members to abide by resolution A/58/485 known as â€Å"water for life† by which states recognized the importance of water as natural resource necessary for sustainable development. South Africa calls upon all states and NGOs to work multilaterally to create lasting, efficient and transparent solutions to address the needs of the most vulnerable people in the world. South Africa remains confident that the eradication of hunger can be achieved and will continue to work to reach its objective by creating means of sustainable development. II. Development and NGO Accountability The South African government wishes to acknowledge the important contribution of NGOs in the socio-economic development of Africa. The United Nations considers non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) to be valuable partners in the building of global society. South Africa shares the United Nations’ vision and wishes to endorse its support for transparent, efficient and open NGO participation within its territory. South Africa is home to nearly 76,000 non-profit organizations which employ nearly a million people The recent decision by the African Union to exclude NGOs from the 2063 conference emphasizes the need for NGOs and governments to work closely together on ways to regulate each other participation and impact on the lives of millions of people. South Africa wishes to highlight that there are major differences in terms of structure and objectives among the various types of NGOs, which might complicate the application of most known types of accountability. However, South Africa remains confident that the best way to work with NGOs and to promote development is to find a way to evaluate their work without limiting their freedom of speech, independence or ability to exist as alternative channels for citizens. For this reason, South Africa proposes the creation of an enquiry commission within the African Union that would evaluate NGOs on the principle of democratic accountability. Democratic accountability entails that NGOs should be accountable to those who they affect, especially people in vulnerable positions. This commission should be led by people who are familiar with the African continent and the needs of locals. South Africa suggests the commission publish reports every two years that will assess the locals’ level of satisfaction with the different organizations, the impact of these organizations in the daily life of people and the calculated prediction on the final outcome of the program. We believe th at if all people have access to a neutral and private way to evaluate NGO performance, this will lead to major improvements on multiple levels. The fact that NGOs know their work will be evaluated and openly assessed by published reports will push these organizations to play close attention to the comments and suggestions of locals. By combining the expertise and resources of these organizations with the knowledge of the locals, South Africa hopes that NGOs will have an easier time reaching the poorest people and this will accelerate the delivery of their services. South Africa believes that the poorest people should be an essential part of the decision-making process. We will look favorably upon NGOs who allow these people to have a greater say in the decisions taken by the organization as well as those NGOs who produced satisfactory results over a five year period. South Africa urges members of the international community to abide by the 2002 Johannesburg Declaration in order to f ind multilateral lasting solutions for the many challenges that lie ahead, especially in areas such as food security, poverty and economic development. III. China and India’s role in facilitating economic development in Africa South Africa remains confident that cooperation and negotiation are the best tools to promote friendly and profitably relations with India and China in order to obtain mutual economic development. South Africa maintains friendly and profitable relations with China and India as we share membership in multiple organizations such as: G20, BRICS, and IBSA. The recent decision by BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) leadership to engage closely in Africa represents an important opportunity for African states. Under the leadership of South African President Jacob Zuma, South Africa aims to establish an African free trade area by 2015. This area would include 26 African states with a combined population of 600 million and GDP of one trillion dollars. We believe Africa has great potential and we expect African output to expand by 50% in 2015. The expansion of African output will also increase spending power by 30%, which would greatly contribute to the development and expans ion of the middle class in the continent. South Africa wishes to highlight the extraordinary African mineral and agricultural potential which motivated our nation to approve 1,000 investment plans in 36 different African countries. South Africa has a close and growing relationship with India as it remains our fifth most important trade partner. Trade with India has great potential and would greatly benefit the economic development of states who engage in practices based on international law. South Africa recognizes this potential as bilateral trade rose from R16.3 billion in 2007 to a R61.65 billion in 2012. South Africa’s relationship with India is built on more than economic interests, as our nations continue to coordinate their political agenda to face many global issues. In the 2013 IBSA meeting, the leaders of India, Brazil and South Africa publicly reiterated their commitment towards inclusive social development, economic growth and democratic values as the guiding prin ciples for peace, security and prosperity for the next years. South Africa is confident about the IBSAs capacity to promote prosperity through free trade agreement and sustainable development. South Africa recognizes China and India’s efforts to deal with food security around the world and demands a halt on the uncontrolled speculation by developed nations on agricultural commodities and restrictive and distorting trade practices. We urge developed nations to honor their commitments in supporting developing nations and we welcome the L’Aquila Joint Statement on Food Security adopted in Rome in 2009. China is South Africa’s largest economic partner and an important player for the economic stability of Africa. We praise BRICS support for the current African Union’s NEPAD program and wish to inform African states that BRICS members are excepted to invest nearly 480 billion dollars for the development of infrastructure in Africa. South Africa recognises China ’s commitment to the continent and encourages African states to cooperate through the use of the Forum on China and Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). South Africa is glad to announce that it will be hosting the next 2015 FOCAC meeting where China and African States will continue to tackle job creation, sustainable growth and clean energy. South Africa wishes to extend a hand to all African States and members of the international community in order to cooperate with China and India for the building of a better future.

An Entry in Juliet’s Diary after Meeting Romeo at the Party Essay

An Entry in Juliet’s Diary after Meeting Romeo at the Party (remember, Juliet is just 14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dearest Diary,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tonight I met him. He was so beautiful! He even has a name that would roll of one’s tongue†¦.Romeo. How wonderful of a sound that brings to my ears. I wish, I hope, in fact, I know that he is my lord. The one and only lord that I want to have for my entire life. And, can you believe how amazing he is? Do you know what he did after the party tonight? He crept back onto the grounds of my father’s house and climbed up the side of the balcony to catch a glimpse of me. Oh, can you believe that!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nurse said that he was quite attractive too! Oh those eyes†¦those lips. I can’t believe how incredibly lucky I am to have met him. It was almost as if it was fate for the t... An Entry in Juliet’s Diary after Meeting Romeo at the Party Essay An Entry in Juliet’s Diary after Meeting Romeo at the Party (remember, Juliet is just 14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dearest Diary,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tonight I met him. He was so beautiful! He even has a name that would roll of one’s tongue†¦.Romeo. How wonderful of a sound that brings to my ears. I wish, I hope, in fact, I know that he is my lord. The one and only lord that I want to have for my entire life. And, can you believe how amazing he is? Do you know what he did after the party tonight? He crept back onto the grounds of my father’s house and climbed up the side of the balcony to catch a glimpse of me. Oh, can you believe that!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nurse said that he was quite attractive too! Oh those eyes†¦those lips. I can’t believe how incredibly lucky I am to have met him. It was almost as if it was fate for the t...

The Importance of Setting in The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Gilman

The Importance of Setting in The Yellow Wall-Paper by Charlotte Gilman In the short story "The Yellow Wall-Paper," by Charlotte Gilman, the setting contributes to the narrator's insanity.   When she first sees the house, she loves it.   She thinks the house will be a perfect place to recover from her "nervous condition," but that does not happen because her husband confines her to the bedroom so that her health will improve.   The narrator's mental illness deteriorates to the point of insanity due to her isolation in the bedroom, with only the yellow wallpaper to look at that she considers "repellent, almost revolting; a smoldering unclean yellow,strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight" (106).   At the beginning of the story, the narrator is moving into a house that she is renting while her house in being renovated.   She describes the house as "The most beautiful place!   It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village.   It makes me think of English places that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people" (105).   This quote reflects that she considers this house as a place only the noble could live in.   She has only read about homes like this, and she never thought that she would be living in one.   She seems happy that she will be able to rent such a house.   She adds that "There is a delicious garden!   I never saw such a garden--large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lined with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them" (105).   This adds to the elegant and royal qualities that the narrator believes the house has. In the middle portion of the story, the narrator's description ... ... The narrator, already suffering from a "nervous condition," is forced to stay in her bedroom for most of the story.   Her husband does not let her do anything that may take the least bit of energy because she needs to concentrate her energy on getting well.   Her mental condition quickly deteriorates from the original   "nervous condition" to complete insanity due to this isolation.   As the narrator begins to see figures behind the wallpaper, the reader realizes that the wallpaper is a manifestation of her condition. Work Cited Gilman, Charlotte.   "The Yellow Wall-Paper."   Literature and the Writing Process.   Eds. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk.   4th ed.  Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1996.   105-115. Wagner-Martin, Linda. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. 981- 982.

The short story, Winter Dreams, by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The short story, Winter Dreams, by F. Scott Fitzgerald holds lasting impact today, mainly for the author’s ability to weave love, desire, emotion, and the moral fiber of an individual into a story. The underlying theme is centered on how charisma can drives a person to lose sight of their true goal in life, thereby finding pleasure in selfish gain which results in eventual loss. I will develop an analysis of characterization and theme in this famed short story. The story is a narrative account of Dexter Green, a reliable, self-assured individual who falls into the web of infatuation of a beautiful woman, Judy Jones. Ms. Jones is also a self-assured individual. She, however, bases her confidence on her outer beauty, a beauty that intoxicates men, bringing them to her knees. Judy represents intense passion, and she brings it out in men, empowering her own life. She leads Dexter to rather abruptly quit is work as a caddy because he yearns to impress Judy, and working as a caddy doesn’t meet her expectations. At the time Judy is only eleven years old. From a very young age, we see that Dexter is the kind of person who goes after his dreams, makes a plan and follows through, but Judy alters this. The characteristics of Dexter’s personality are made clear by F. Scott Fitzgerald in quick fashion. Dexter’s personality comes to light as Fitzgerald displays how astute, intelligent and confident the boy can be. Like Dexter, most of Fitzgerald ‘s male characters choose to feel empowered at the expense of the real. Only a world of illusion, such as Judy Jones’, that can handle her emotional intensity. For one, the story unfolds by casting a scene between a nurse and a young girl on the golf course. These women are having a heated conversation. Although Dexter is at a distance from the scene, he clearly witnesses the incident as troublesome. In the end, one girl raises a club at the other woman, a nurse. She raises the club as if she was going to pound her. But she doesn’t follow through with her threat. Dexter finds humor in this. His ability to find the comedy behind such childish behavior adds to his own youthful wisdom. Here’s a snippet of this scene, as written by the author: Realizing that the elements of the comedy were implied in the scene, Dexter several times began to laugh, but each time restrained the laugh before it reached audibility. Not only is Dexter smart enough to recognize this altercation as a staged situation, which is merely the ego of two people butting heads, but he does so without allowing this incident to alter his own mood. What’s even more humorous is that Fitzgerald uses two females in this physical altercation on the golf course. Normally, the stereotype would be to place two men arguing while playing a sport. Not only does Fitzgerald squash the stereotyping, but he does so by having one woman threatening to nearly behead another woman with a raised club. This displays Fitzgerald creative knack for bringing humor into a potentially disastrous scene. Beyond this, Dexter is not concerned that this altercation might result in physical injury. He realizes their childish threats will go nowhere. This further strengthens his character. Not only is Dexter able to see that the fracas is not going to actually become violent, but, at fourteen years of age, his analysis of the scene adds to his character. Dexter’s characteristics come across as a young boy who can speak for himself. For instance, he is shown having a conversation with a very established man of the community. Dexter is not the least bit intimidated by this adult presence. Dexter, instead, is perceived by members of the golf course to be one of the best caddies. Dexter, then, makes a decision to quit his caddying job. He has higher aspirations and realizes that he’s gotten all can out of caddying. A golf member hears of this and pleas for the young Dexter to continue to caddy for him, stating that he can make if very worthwhile to Dexter. In response to this plea, Fitzgerald wrote: â€Å"You're not more than fourteen. Why the devil did you decide just this morning that you wanted to quit? You promised that next week you'd go over to the State tournament with me. † I decided I was too old. † Dexter stands up for what he believes. He is not swayed by an adult figure with a high-standing position in, both, the business world and on the golf course. The reader sees that elitism cannot sway the young Dexter from going after what he really wants in life. This is, in fact, very ironic; for Dexter wants to be one of the elite. Years later, Dexter falls into the lustful vision of the very beautiful Ms. Jones. Ms. Jones is more that willing to use her outer beauty to gain countless new lovers. She does begin a relationship with Dexter when he is in his twenties. Judy Jones is even boasted about by three other men that Dexter plays golf with one day. These are, again, some of the elite men in society. They almost salivate as they discuss Judy Jones. â€Å"Good-looking! † cried Mr. Hedrick contemptuously, â€Å"she always looks as if she wanted to be kissed! Turning those big cow-eyes on every calf in town! † Here, we can see Fitzgerald’s light-hearted, almost comical, means of showing how man’s desire can rule a person on certain levels. After this golf outing, Judy and Dexter begin a relationship. Dexter is ecstatic about her. He is—apparently for the first time—overwhelmed with a new appreciation over having Judy in his life. Judy, however, is a hollow person and Dexter doesn’t see this. This shallow characteristic in Judy represents people who are self-centered and seek to make gains by using their physical appearance instead of becoming more knowledgeable. Her hollow personality is at the center of her world. All Dexter sees is her physical characteristics which nearly melt him into submission. She has the same affect on many other men in her life. Near the end of the story, Judy breaks off their relationship. She is too easily swayed by other men’s advances and his financial status. Dexter is crushed by her departure, but he begins to renew his life and starts a relationship with a nice girl. This girl is less than glamorous but is filled with other worthwhile characteristics. Judy, then, runs back to Dexter but he does not take her bait. Dexter then discovers through Delvin, that Judy has since gotten married and is raising a family. Now, however, Judy has lost her beauty and is being treated unfairly by her husband. This husband runs off with other women, leaving Judy alone to raise the kids. In closing, we see who cleverly Fitzgerald develops theme and storyline. Fitzgerald also learned how to shape his short stories to meet the needs of magazine readers while, at the same time, using these serious themes as springboards into longer fiction. Winter Dream is centered around characterization. It’s the characters and their interactions with one another that make this story so empowering. Its impact is still felt today because so much of society continues to be tricked by external beauty’s advances. For, the true beauty comes from deep within the heart and soul of a person who shares their life instead of taking advantage of others. SOURCES F. Scott Fitzgerald  Ã‚   http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/fitzgeraldbio.html#winterdreams Introduction to the Short Story  Ã‚   dhttp://www.people.vcu.edu/~bmangum/fitzstories.html

Divorce

Marriage can be defined as a union between a man and a woman. This was initiated by God after the creation. Marriage enables individuals to procreate by having children. People who are married usually live together and this makes it possible to share responsibilities in the house. People are expected to live happily in marriage considering that marriage occurs between individuals who love each other. During marriage, individuals take vows that they will live together as a long as they are alive. However, this has changed and what has been observed is that some marriages break after some time.Court cases facilitating divorce have been on increase. In the previous years, divorce was something that was unacceptable. However, the society seems to be accepting divorce due to the circumstances surrounding a marriage. The highest proportion of the society members argue that divorce should not be allowed due to its consequences. In United States, people believe that people have the freedom t o do whatever they wish with their lives. In this regard people should be allowed to divorce when they feel that there is a need. This research paper will argue against divorce in the society.It will also look at both sides of the argument so that it can prove there is a need to protect marriages (Clarke-Stewart). Divorce has many negative consequences for the couples involved and the children in the family and this is why it should be avoided at all costs. Financial management is a challenge to divorced couples. Individuals should consider the costs associated with divorce. In the first place, the divorce process requires expenditure. This may be so expensive for the couples involved. Second, the parties involved need to seek a new residential area which involves a cost.One of the parties incurs greater costs in meeting the costs of paying school fees for the children. If there is no divorce, it means that individuals share these costs such that there is no burden in meeting these expenses (Peterson). Two individuals are also able to better plan for their finances for the future benefit as compared to when all the decisions are made by one individual. The money that could have been wasted in the divorce process could be invested so that the couple can receive future revenues from their investment activities.There are various reasons why people divorce. In the first place, couples argue that there is lack of commitment in their relationships. This means that one of the partners is less concerned about the social needs of the family such as socializing, meeting financial needs, meeting educational needs of the children and planning for the future. This makes one person to seek a happier marriage elsewhere after divorce (Wallerstein). When both persons are not committed infidelity is a constant problem, a partner may be unfaithful such that he/she engages in extramarital sex.In this case, the other partner feels that this is not acceptable considering that the c urrent world is full of sexually transmitted diseases some of which are very dangerous. The offended party in the marriage finds that the best way to deal with the situation is through divorce. Another reason is financial problems. Unfortunately, money is a problem for almost everyone, and it is even more so with married couples who more than likely split the bill in most situations, financial obligations can cause conflict between couples.When they get married, they have to be certain that they are financially prepared for an increase of expenses, especially if the birth of a child is involved. Also unemployment can cause conflicts between the marriage, due to arguments about expenses, not being able to find a new job, or one individual feeling superior to the other. When this happen couples opt for a divorce since after the separation the stress will be less and money can be manage better by just one person. Communication is essential to a successful marriage.We have all heard thi s at some point in our lives but at the present time there are many married couples that lack of communication for several different reasons such as work schedules, demanding families or even technological distractions. This soon creates anger and frustration builds up, which ends in larger issues. Larger issues are not as easy to solve as smaller ones. Even if the couple manages to work out these issues and stay together, it’s not a real marriage. Without communication, there is no relationship and therefore the marriage is ready for divorce.Generally, there are many challenges that make people to divorce. These reasons are reasonable and people seek to be in marriages that are more satisfactory. Some of the problems that lead to divorce are intentional and some spouses find it difficult to continue with marriage. Some Christians also argue that individuals are allowed to divorce if the reason for divorce is infidelity. Infidelity is unacceptable even to the Christians and p eople are allowed to divorce if this happens in their marriage.

Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will discourse a instance survey about an fanciful patient with AAA. The essay is divided into three chief subdivisions. It will foremost see the patient ‘s history, the initial trials undertaken, the imagination methods used and the result of each phase. It will so travel to depict the diagnosing and process of EVAR and in decision I will sum up the chief points. A 68 twelvemonth old male patient with a household history of AAA, who was a tobacco user and had a knee replacing 15 old ages ago, was referred by his GP to hold an X ray of the lumbar spinal column and pelvic girdle. . The clinical grounds for the X ray was that the patient had fallen down the stairs 2 hebdomads before and had a hurting in the lower dorsum and right hip. After warranting the request card and look intoing his inside informations, they did an AP and Lateral of his lumbar and an AP scrutiny of his pelvic girdle. And they sent him back to obtain the consequences from his GP after 10 yearss. The radiotherapist reported his diagnosing on the X raies and sent it back to the GP. There was an rating of the categorization in the venters and a suspected abdominal aortal aneurism. So the GP asked him to go to the surgery to discourse the x-ray consequence, and requested an ultrasound of venters to hold a better consequence and a unsmooth indicant of the internal diameter and a n accurate appraisal.The GP asked him to wait until he received an appointment missive from infirmary. After 4 hebdomads he had his assignment. The clinical indicant was categorization on the lumbar X ray, and a question sing an abdominal aneurism. The rating of the ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurism which was 4.5 centimeter. The bosom was normal in size. There was no grounds of any important mediastinal mass or lymph node expansion. The kidneys were normal in size. The radiotherapist recommended supervising the patient. He besides sent a study to the patient ‘s GP. Six months subsequently in Dec 2007, he attended his 2nd assignment for an ultrasound scan of his venters. There was a little addition in his aneurism. Therefore, a study was sent once more to his GP. The rating was a 4.7cm aortal aneurism. In April 2008 he had another scan which indicated a 5.2cm aneurism. The GP referred him to the vascular sawbones, because the size had reached an index diameter of 5cm.After four hebdomads he met the sawbones. He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound consequence with him. He besides strongly advised him to discontinue smoke, because tobacco users are about 5 times every bit likely as non-smokers to endure from AAA ( Hafez 2008 ) .In November 2008, the aneurism was 5.6cm and fix was recommended by his sawbones.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpgRadiological Report: US Abdominal Aorta: The maximal A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 centimeter. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms ( x-ray 2000 ) .A The Vascular sawbones discussed with the patient that he needs a surgery every bit shortly as possible, he besides explained the being of two possible methods of fix and outlined the major hazards and benefits of each. He besides explained the possible complications associated with the process, including the hazard of endovascular leaks, the possibility of secondary intercession and the demand for lifelong follow up ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . He offered him an EVAR surgery, so he was referred to hold a CT scan with clinical indicant of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. A Week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The Radiographer asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media or kidney job. Then he had an IV injection of dye in his arm. The sawbones received the study from Radiologist a few yearss subsequently. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory cervix of 2cm and good possible common iliac set downing zones suited for EVAR ( Bhattacharya V 2007 ) . He was asked to go to a pre-operative appraisal clinic to run into his sawbones and other members of clinical squad. Two hebdomads subsequently in pre-op they took his medical history and the name of all medicine he used and carried out a physical scrutiny. The surgical squad carried out a figure of trials include blood trial and chest X ray to do certain that he is healthy plenty to hold an anesthetic and surgery. And advised him what he needs to make for admittance twenty-four hours. trials Normal Laboratory Test Values ‘ Patients result Red blood cells 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL 4.6 M/mcL. White blood cells 3.8 K/mm^ to 11.0 K/mm 6 k/mm. Hemoglobin 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL 13 g/dl Hematocrit 34 % to 54 % 38 % Blood urea N mg/dL to 0.4 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Bilirubin, direct 0.0 15mg/dl Bilirubin entire 0.2 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL 0.2 milligram /dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL 0.7 mg/dL On admittance twenty-four hours which was hebdomad subsequently, he was seen by the nurse, sawbones and anesthesiologist. Then vascular sawbones went through the questionnaire which was about his past medical history and process once more, and explained the hazard and benefit of making the operation. He took his consent and asked him to subscribe the consent signifier. He was taken to the theater and the anesthesiologist gave him a general aneaestatic. Aneurysm fix was performed and after the process, he was taken to the intensive attention unit for recovery. He made good recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative twenty-four hours. Complete recovery was 3 months. After 2nd postoperative yearss he had CT angiography In order to observe any complication. There was no grounds of endoleak detected during arterial stage scanning or after a 2-min hold. The patient was discharged without complication. Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every twelvemonth after that, to do certain there are non any jobs. Discussion: An aneurism is a weak country in aorta. If a blood vas weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes remarkably large. If an aneurism signifiers on the abdominal aorta and grows excessively large, the aorta might rupture or tear ( Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008 ) . The most common aneurism is abdominal aortal aneurisms, is below the beginning of the arterias to the kidneys.In work forces, the maximal normal aortal diameter at this degree is about 2.5 centimeter. An aorta that is 3 centimeter or more in diameter at this degree qualifies as being aneurysmal. The happening of AAA varies harmonizing to ethnicity, age and gender. Work force are six times more likely to be affected than adult females. At the age of 65 old ages, 3 % of work forces will hold an AAA. The popularity so increases with age to make about 8 % at the age of 80. AAAs represents about 98 % of aneurism of the whole aorta ( Hafez 2008 and Sparks et al 2002 ) . Any aneurism wider than 5.5 centimeter should be operated upon electively ( Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010 ) .Abdominal aortal aneurism is normally symptomless. Smoke and high blood force per unit area are most of import hazard factors ( patient brochure 2009 and Hafez 2008 ) . Approximately 80 % of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortal aneurisms have no old diagnosing. When rupture occurs, mortality is really high ( Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009 ) . On physical scrutiny, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 centimeter scope is tangible 29 % of the clip, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 centimeter. which can be palpated 76 % of the clip ( Gilbert et al 2008 ) . Once the size reaches an index diameter of 5 to 5.5cm or is seen to spread out more than 0.5cm in a twelvemonth needs to mention to vascular sawbones ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) .Harmonizing to Robert et Al 2008 if the abdominal aortal aneurism expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per twelvemonth, fix is normally recommended.The trials were included: Arterial Blood Gas ( ABG ) degrees, to supervise oxygenation, airing, and acerb base position. Complete blood count to supervise Red blood cell, White blood cell ( WBC ) , and thrombocyte counts altered hemoglobin degrees and haematocrit reflect any blood loss and the O transporting ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid, electrolyte, and acerb base position Serum creatinine and blood urea N ( BUN ) degrees, to supervise nephritic map. Blood curdling surveies to supervise curdling. Urinalysis to supervise nephritic position including secernment and concentration Blood cross fiting necessary for blood replacing Electrocardiography ( ECG ) to look into cardiac alterations associated with ischaemia Chest X ray may uncover abnormalcies of the thorax, bosom and lungs ( Holloway 2004 ) . MRSA Scan to fix his tegument and cut down the likeliness of infection ( trust protocol ) . Patients are normally current or anterior tobacco users and frequently have a history of high blood pressure. Most abdominal aortal aneurisms remain asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected by the way either on scrutiny or when the patient undergoes imaging for other grounds. On scrutiny a pulsatile, expandable cardinal abdominal mass may be detected supplying the patient is non grossly corpulent. The femoral and popliteal pulsations should be checked for associated aneurisms ( Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001 ) . Compared with unfastened surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of infirmary stay and greater likeliness of discharge to place than unfastened surgery ( Schermerhorn 2009 ) Two option of operation are unfastened fix, where an scratch is made in the venters, and endovascular aneurism fix, where the aneurism is repaired by go throughing instruments through one of the venas ( NHS Choice 2010 ) . Patient demands to hold CT angiogram to cognize if he is suited for EVAR. Because of the form of aneurysm some people are non suited for EVAR Otherwise he should hold unfastened surgery ( NICE 2006 ) . CT is the following measure to assist find which intervention should be used.Serial CT scans can be used to conceive of the proximal cervix ( the passage between the normal and aneurysmal aorta ) , the extension to the iliac arterias, and the patency of the splanchnic arterias. They can besides mensurate the thickness of the mural thrombus. With 3-dimensional imagination, coiling CT and CT angiography can supply extra anatomical inside informations, particularly utile if endovascular process is considered ( Macari et al 2001 ) .The ground of holding CT compared with aortography and MRI is, widespread Availability, systematically consistent consequences, and a comparative cost ( Sparks et al 2002 ) . Elective surgery is to mend an aorta. The sawbones will cover a little metal tubing, which is known as a stent-graft and will attach that to a catheter. The catheter is infixing into one of the arterias in the inguen around the femoral arterias, before being moved up to the site of the aneurism. He will attach the stent-graft to the interior of the aorta with pins, which strengthened the walls of the aorta. The catheter so will be removed. The process will be guided utilizing intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer will take images step by measure. An X-ray imagination process is executing to look into whether the stent transplant is decently placed. The cut will be closed with stitches and a dressing will be placed over the stitches. ( Bupa ‘s Health Information Team 2010 and book ) . X raies of the venters shows Ca sedimentations in the aneurism wall, but we can non see the size and extent of aneurism therefore Ultrasound has approximately 98 % truth in mensurating the size of the aneurism, and is safe and non-invasive. Ultrasonography normally gives a clear image of the size of an aneurism. For surgical fix be aftering ultrasound can non accurately place the extent of the aneurism. Computerized imaging of the venters is extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. However, computerized imaging uses high doses of radiation and for rating of blood vass, requires endovenous dye. This carries some hazard including allergic reaction to the dye and annoyance of the kidneys. In patients with kidney diseases, the physician may see an MRA, which is a survey of the aorta and the other arterias utilizing MRI scanning. Both computerized imaging and MRI are effectual for diagnosing. In this instance because pa tient had Knee replacing and no allergic to dye CT is best option. Screening may cut down the incidence of aortal rupture, particularly if applied to bad groups. Erstwhile ultrasound showing for AAA is recommended for all work forces aged a†°?65 old ages and household history of AAA ( NHS Screening plan 2010 ) . Decision: Abdominal aorta aneurism ( AAA ) is a dilation of the aorta. This is about 3 centimeters in most people. Strong hazard factors are cigarette smoke, familial or household history, increased age, male sex, inborn and connective tissue upsets. Diagnostic factors include abdominal, back, or inguen hurting, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypotension. Diagnostic trials are including Plain X ray of venters, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and aortography.There are two option for Treatments of Abdominal aortal aneurism which includes unfastened fix and Endovascular aneurysm fix, depending on patient status. REFRENCESS: Upchurch, Jr. G.R. ( M.D. ) and Schaub, T.A. ( M.D. ) ( April 1, 2006 ) ‘Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ‘ American Family Physician online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [ Accessed 16/2/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) ‘Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence ‘ AvMA Medical & A ; Legal Journal. 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( MS, RN ) ( 2001 ) , Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR Nursing, Volume 15 – Issue 4 – pp 1-14 online, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/jcnjournal/Abstract/2001/07000/Abdominal_Aortic_Aneurysm.2.aspx [ accessed 13/01/2011 ] Gendreau, R. ( 2006 ) Is it a kidney rock or abdominal aortal aneurism? : Name of journal Volume 36 – Issue 5 – P 22-24, on-line available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2006/04001/Is_it_a_kidney_stone_or_abdominal_aortic_aneurysm_.8.aspx [ accessed 20/12/2010 ]Baker, L. A Anderson, E. ( May 2010 ) ; Abdominal aortal aneurism: simple showing could salvage lives, Primary attention nurse practician, Generations Family Health Centre, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners ( AM J NURSE PRACT ) , 2010 May ; 14 ( 5 ) : 29-34 ( 27 ref ) , journal article – pictorial, tables/charts. Online available from: Health Information Resources once National Library for Health, cinhal, [ accessed 18/02/2011 ]NHS Choice ( 2010 ) , Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ [ accessed 01/12/2010 ] Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme 2010 Produced by COI for the NHS,401590/C 1p December 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ david.colbourn @ bcu.ac.uk